Luke 5:33-35 meaning

The parallel Gospel accounts for this event are Matthew 9:14-15 and Mark 2:18-20.

In the previous section of scripture Jesus responded to the Pharisees' challenge to His disciples: "Why do you eat and drink with the tax collectors and sinners?" (Luke 5:30) with a short parable (Luke 5:31) and the explanation: "I have not come to call the righteous but sinners to repentance" (Luke 5:32). The conversation continues in this section as the Pharisees give their retort.

And they said to Him, "The disciples of John often fast and offer prayers, the disciples of the Pharisees also do the same, but Yours eat and drink" (v 33).

The pronoun: they, refers to the Pharisees in this verse; Him refers to Jesus.

Luke tells us that after Jesus responded to the Pharisees' challenge, they confronted Him about a lack of certain behaviors amongst His disciples. Their issue involved the spiritual practice of fasting and offering prayers. They said, "the disciples of John [the Baptizer] often fast and offer prayers, the disciples of the Pharisees also do the same, but Yours eat and drink."

Fasting was seen as a practice that righteous people did. The intent of fasting was to forego a secondary good (like food) to become closer to the greatest Good (God). In the Jewish culture, it was widely assumed that if a person fasted, he was righteous; and if a person was righteous, he would fast. The contraries to these assumptions were also accepted. If a person did not fast, he was unrighteous; and if a person was unrighteous, he wouldn't fast.

The offering of prayers follows the pattern of fasting. It was something done as a spiritual practice to relate and commune with God. We are called to take part in this practice today in order to grow our relationship with God (Luke 11:1-4; Philippians 4:6; Ephesians 6:18; 1 Thessalonians 5:17; 1 John 5:14-15). Unfortunately, it seems that the Pharisees were known to use this practice to gain attention and praise from men. Jesus calls them (and possibly others) out for this hypocrisy in the famous Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 6:5).

Their questions were in some respects similar to the questions the Pharisees just asked Jesus's disciples in Levi's (Matthew's) home (Luke 5:30). Both questions challenge the behavior of Jesus and His disciples, which do not align with the cultural standards for righteous behavior among the religiously observant in Judea.

The tone in which the Pharisees deliver their statement appears to be antagonistic. The Pharisees seem to assert their challenge in the same self-righteous tone of condemnation that they revealed when confronting Jesus's disciples in the previous verses (Luke 5:30).

The Pharisees' remark presumes their superiority. What their presumption seems to really be saying to Jesus is: "Why do we [who are perceived as righteous] and the disciples of John [who are perceived as righteous] fast, but Your disciples [and perhaps by extension—You, Yourself, Jesus] do not fast?" In other words, "If You are so righteous, why do You not perform the acts of the righteous, as we do?" Their self-presumed superiority is in line with the nature and hostile spirit of their previous interactions with Jesus's disciples.

And Jesus said to them, "You cannot make the attendants of the bridegroom fast while the bridegroom is with them, can you? But the days will come; and when the bridegroom is taken away from them, then they will fast in those days" (v 34-35).

Jesus spoke to them by another parable and said, "You cannot make the attendants of the bridegroom fast while the bridegroom is with them, can you?" The answer to this rhetorical question is "No." The friends of the bridegroom do not fast while he is with them. A bridegroom is a man full of happiness who is celebrating a joyous occasion. To celebrate, the bridegroom surrounds himself with friends who attend him at the wedding feast. These attendants honor him by celebrating with the bridegroom. It would be improper for the guests of the bridegroom to say, "We have chosen this as a time to fast" and refuse to participate in the celebration. In this parable, Jesus is the bridegroom. His disciples are the attendants of the bridegroom. And they are celebrating together. Therefore, they are joyfully feasting with Him instead of fasting and putting on a face of mourning.

In comparing Himself to the bridegroom, Jesus subtly implies that He is the Messiah.

Isaiah occasionally describes the Messiah or Messianic themes in terms of celebrations. He famously describes the lavish banquet the LORD will serve for His people when the Messiah appears (Isaiah 25:6-9). Isaiah also says:

"And as the bridegroom rejoices over the bride,
So your God will rejoice over you."
(Isaiah 62:5)

The veiled allusion Jesus is making is that He is the Messiah, presenting Himself as the bridegroom and referencing the time of rejoicing for those in His presence.

In the same vein, fasting and prayers are offered when God is not physically present. Because Jesus is God and the bridegroom is physically present with His attendants, they are able to converse face-to-face with Jesus. Therefore, His disciples do not need to fast or offer prayers.

But the days will come, Jesus continues, when the bridegroom is taken away from them, then they will fast in those days. There will be a time for Jesus's disciples to fast, but He says it is not now. That time will come when Jesus is taken away from them and no longer with them. The phrase taken away from them is either an allusion to His crucifixion and death, or more likely His ascension into heaven. When Jesus is no longer physically present with His disciples, then will come the days for His followers to fast.

It is interesting to note that in Matthew's Gospel, instead of the Pharisees retorting with the challenge: The disciples of John often fast and offer prayers, the disciples of the Pharisees also do the same, but Yours eat and drink; it is presented in the somewhat softer form of a question raised by John the Baptizer's disciples:

"Then the disciples of John came to Him, asking, 'Why do we and the Pharisees fast, but Your disciples do not fast?'"
(Matthew 9:14).

There are at least two explanations for this. The first could be that the Pharisees made this observation and challenged Jesus, while the disciples of John made a similar observation and asked Him separately (Jesus gave each group similar answers—Matthew 9:15-17; Luke 5:34-39). Matthew records the encounter with the disciples of John the Baptizer (Matthew 9:14). Luke records the encounter with the Pharisees (Luke 5:33). A second possibility is that both groups could have been present and made this charge jointly to Jesus.

Jesus continues His response to the Pharisees' challenge with a memorable parable in the next section of scripture.